Entwicklung eines Sprachverarbeitungs- und Bewertungssystems zur automatischen Vorkorrektur

Das Korrigieren schriftlicher Aufgaben nach Musterlösung stellt für eine lehrende Person - beispielsweise den Lehrer an einer Schule, den Tutor einer Studentengruppe oder den Mitarbeiter einer Universität - häufig eine mühsame und zeitintensive Aufgabe dar. Das Kontrollieren der Ergebnisse und Abgleichen mit der Musterlösung kann insbesondere bei sich wiederholenden und eindeutigen Lösungen sehr ermüdend sein. Die in Anspruch genommene Zeit könnte zur Vergabe von Lernhinweisen oder dem intensiveren Befassen mit der eigentlichen Korrektur weitaus besser genutzt werden. In diesem Zusammenhang existiert der Wunsch nach einem automatisierten System, das die Vorkorrektur übernimmt und die Lehrkraft entlastet. Korrekt gelöste Aufgaben könnten im Voraus von dem System mit voller Punktzahl bewertet werten, im Falle von Unklarheit könnte die Lehrkraft entscheiden, wie die eingesendete Lösung zu bewerten ist. Bei der riesigen Anzahl verschiedenartiger Aufgaben müssten Kategorien für Aufgabentypen und Lösungsmöglichkeiten erstellt werden. Diese Arbeit stellt ein Modell speziell für die "Aufgaben der Informatik 1" vor. Die Aufgaben wurden unter Berücksichtigung bereits existierender Ansätze in Kategorien eingeteilt. Ein System auf Grundlage von C# wurde zur automatischen Erstellung und Vorkorrektur der Aufgaben entwickelt und evaluiert.Correcting written exercises according to its sample solution is in many cases a laborious and time-consuming task for a teaching person - e.g. a teacher at a school, a tutor of a student group or a scientific researcher at a university. Especially regarding repetitive and clear solutions checking the result and comparing it to the sample solution can be very exhausting. This time spent could instead be used quite better for giving hints concerning the solution or intensifying attending the actual correction. In this context the request for an automated system taking care of pre-correction and reducing work for the teaching person arises. Exercises being solved correctly could be marked with maximum points - in case of unclarity the teaching person could decide how to rate the solution. For the huge amount of different exercise types, categories for exercise types and solution possibilities would have to be created. This work suggests a prototype specifically addressing "Aufgaben der Informatik 1". The exercises were categorized in consideration of already existing work. A system based on C# for automatic pre-correction of these exercises was developed and evaluated

The Exstrophy-epispadias complex

Exstrophy-epispadias complex (EEC) represents a spectrum of genitourinary malformations ranging in severity from epispadias (E) to classical bladder exstrophy (CEB) and exstrophy of the cloaca (EC). Depending on severity, EEC may involve the urinary system, musculoskeletal system, pelvis, pelvic floor, abdominal wall, genitalia, and sometimes the spine and anus. Prevalence at birth for the whole spectrum is reported at 1/10,000, ranging from 1/30,000 for CEB to 1/200,000 for EC, with an overall greater proportion of affected males. EEC is characterized by a visible defect of the lower abdominal wall, either with an evaginated bladder plate (CEB), or with an open urethral plate in males or a cleft in females (E). In CE, two exstrophied hemibladders, as well as omphalocele, an imperforate anus and spinal defects, can be seen after birth. EEC results from mechanical disruption or enlargement of the cloacal membrane; the timing of the rupture determines the severity of the malformation. The underlying cause remains unknown: both genetic and environmental factors are likely to play a role in the etiology of EEC. Diagnosis at birth is made on the basis of the clinical presentation but EEC may be detected prenatally by ultrasound from repeated non-visualization of a normally filled fetal bladder. Counseling should be provided to parents but, due to a favorable outcome, termination of the pregnancy is no longer recommended. Management is primarily surgical, with the main aims of obtaining secure abdominal wall closure, achieving urinary continence with preservation of renal function, and, finally, adequate cosmetic and functional genital reconstruction. Several methods for bladder reconstruction with creation of an outlet resistance during the newborn period are favored worldwide. Removal of the bladder template with complete urinary diversion to a rectal reservoir can be an alternative. After reconstructive surgery of the bladder, continence rates of about 80% are expected during childhood. Additional surgery might be needed to optimize bladder storage and emptying function. In cases of final reconstruction failure, urinary diversion should be undertaken. In puberty, genital and reproductive function are important issues. Psychosocial and psychosexual outcome depend on long-term multidisciplinary care to facilitate an adequate quality of life

Comprehensive genetic analysis of OEIS complex reveals no evidence for a recurrent microdeletion or duplication

Item does not contain fulltextOmphalocele-exstrophy of the bladder-imperforate anus-spinal defects (OEIS) complex, or cloacal exstrophy (EC), is a rare constellation of malformations in humans involving the urogenital, gastrointestinal, and skeletal systems, and less commonly the central nervous system. Although OEIS complex is well-recognized in the clinical setting, there remains a significant lack of understanding of this condition at both the developmental and the genetic level. While most cases are sporadic, familial cases have been reported, suggesting that one or more specific genes may play a significant role in this condition. Several developmental mechanisms have been proposed to explain the etiology of OEIS complex, and it is generally considered to be a defect early in caudal mesoderm development and ventral body wall closure. The goal of this study was to identify genetic aberrations in 13 patients with OEIS/EC using a combination of candidate gene analysis and microarray studies. Analysis of 14 candidate genes in combination with either high resolution SNP or oligonucleotide microarray did not reveal any disease-causing mutations, although novel variants were identified in five patients. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive genetic analysis of patients with OEIS complex to date. We conclude that OEIS is a complex disorder from an etiological perspective, likely involving a combination of genetic and environmental predispositions. Based on our data, OEIS complex is unlikely to be caused by a recurrent chromosomal aberration

Bladder Exstrophy: An Epidemiologic Study From the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research, and an Overview of the Literature

Bladder exstrophy (BE) is a complex congenital anomaly characterized by a defect in the closure of the lower abdominal wall and bladder. We aimed to provide an overview of the literature and conduct an epidemiologic study to describe the prevalence, and maternal and case characteristics of BE. We used data from 22 participating member programs of the International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research (ICBDSR). All cases were reviewed and classified as isolated, syndrome, and multiple congenital anomalies. We estimated the total prevalence of BE and calculated the frequency and odds ratios for various maternal and case characteristics. A total of 546 cases with BE were identified among 26,355,094 births. The total prevalence of BE was 2.07 per 100,000 births (95% CI: 1.90-2.25) and varied between 0.52 and 4.63 among surveillance programs participating in the study. BE was nearly twice as common among male as among female cases. The proportion of isolated cases was 71%. Prevalence appeared to increase with increasing categories of maternal age, particularly among isolated cases. The total prevalence of BE showed some variations by geographical region, which is most likely attributable to differences in registration of cases. The higher total prevalence among male cases and older mothers, especially among isolated cases, warrants further attention. ? 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Die Energiewende regional gestalten : auf dem Weg zu einer Energiewende-Roadmap im Ruhrgebiet

Diese Broschüre ist ein Produkt des Rahmenprogramms zur Umsetzung der Energiewende in den Kommunen des Ruhrgebiets: Die Auf­gabe des Projektes bestand darin auszuloten, in welcher Weise Kommunen ihre Handlungskapazitäten zur Umsetzung der Energiewende in der Region bewahren beziehungsweise perspektivisch erweitern können. Das Rahmenprogramm steuerte in seiner dreijährigen Projektlaufzeit (2013-2016) einen Beitrag zur Analyse der Handlungsfähigkeit von Kommunen im Ruhrgebiet zur Umsetzung der Energiewende bei und systematisierte bisherige Handlungsansätze in der Region. Es setzte an bestehenden Rahmenbedingungen an und versuchte, in Zusammenarbeit mit regionalen Akteurinnen und Akteuren künftige Handlungsansätze für eine langfristig angelegte Umsetzung der Energiewende in der Region zu identifizieren. Das vorliegende Dokument führt Ergebnisse des Pro­jektes zusammen und formuliert strategische Hinweise für die weitere Umsetzung der Energiewende im Ruhrgebiet